:root{--bg-color: #fbfbf8;--text-color: #111111;--link-color: #111111;--border-color: #bfbfbf;--nav-bg: #f3f3f0}.dark{--bg-color: #1a1a1a;--text-color: #e0e0e0;--link-color: #e0e0e0;--border-color: #444444;--nav-bg: #2a2a2a}*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{scrollbar-gutter:stable}body{font-family:Linux Libertine,"Libertinus Serif",Georgia,Times New Roman,serif;background-color:var(--bg-color);color:var(--text-color);line-height:1.6;font-size:17px;transition:background-color .3s,color .3s}.top-nav{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;padding:.9rem 2.5rem .75rem;border-bottom:none;background-color:var(--bg-color)}.logo{position:absolute;left:2rem;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%);font-size:2.6rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;color:var(--border-color)}.nav-links{display:flex;gap:.35rem;align-items:center;font-size:.7rem;letter-spacing:.2em;text-transform:uppercase}.nav-links a{text-decoration:none;color:var(--text-color);border:1px dotted var(--border-color);padding:.2rem .6rem;font-weight:600}.nav-links a:hover{background-color:var(--border-color)}a{color:var(--link-color);text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-style:dotted}a:hover{text-decoration-style:solid}.reader-mode-hidden{text-decoration:none!important;color:var(--text-color)!important;pointer-events:none}.reader-mode-hidden:hover{text-decoration:none!important}.reader-mode-visible{text-decoration:underline dotted!important;pointer-events:auto!important}.control-panel{position:fixed;top:1rem;right:1rem;z-index:1000}.control-panel-toggle{background:var(--nav-bg);border:1px dotted var(--border-color);padding:.5rem;cursor:pointer;border-radius:4px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center}.control-panel-toggle svg{stroke-width:2}.control-panel-content{position:absolute;top:100%;right:0;margin-top:.5rem;background:var(--bg-color);border:1px solid var(--border-color);padding:1rem;min-width:200px;box-shadow:0 4px 6px #0000001a}.control-group{margin-bottom:1rem}.control-group label{display:block;margin-bottom:.5rem;font-weight:700}.control-buttons{display:flex;gap:.5rem;flex-wrap:wrap}.control-buttons button{padding:.25rem .5rem;border:1px dotted var(--border-color);background:var(--bg-color);color:var(--text-color);cursor:pointer;font-size:.9rem;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.25rem}.control-buttons button svg{stroke-width:2;flex-shrink:0}.control-buttons button.active{background:var(--border-color);text-decoration:underline}.control-link{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.25rem;margin-top:.5rem;text-decoration:underline dotted}.control-link svg{stroke-width:2;flex-shrink:0}.toc-list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;font-size:.8rem;line-height:1.4}.toc-item{margin:.25rem 0}.toc-link{color:var(--text-color);text-decoration:none;display:block;padding:.15rem 0;border-bottom:1px dotted transparent;transition:border-color .2s}.toc-link:hover{border-bottom-color:var(--border-color)}.toc-level-1{font-weight:600}.toc-level-2{font-weight:500}.toc-level-3,.toc-level-4,.toc-level-5,.toc-level-6{font-weight:400;color:var(--text-color);opacity:.85}.popin-root{position:fixed;inset:0;z-index:2000;pointer-events:none}.popin-container{background:var(--bg-color);max-width:90vw;width:850px;max-height:85vh;overflow:hidden;border:1px solid var(--border-color);display:flex;flex-direction:column;box-shadow:0 2px 12px #00000040;margin-top:0;border-radius:2px;position:absolute;pointer-events:auto}.popin-container[data-pinned=true]{border-color:var(--text-color);box-shadow:0 2px 12px #00000040,0 0 0 1px var(--text-color)}.popin-container[data-pinned=true] .popin-header-bar{border-bottom-color:var(--text-color)}.popin-container.dragging{user-select:none;cursor:move}.popin-container.expanded{max-width:100vw;max-height:100vh;width:100%;height:100%;margin-top:0;position:fixed;left:0!important;top:0!important}.popin-container.minimized{width:auto;height:auto;max-width:400px;min-width:300px;max-height:60px;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;position:absolute;border-radius:4px}.popin-container.minimized .popin-content{display:none}.popin-header-bar{display:flex;align-items:center;padding:.375rem .5rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color);background:var(--nav-bg);background-image:radial-gradient(var(--border-color) .6px,transparent .6px);background-size:4px 4px;min-height:2rem;gap:.5rem;user-select:none}.popin-header-controls{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.125rem;flex-shrink:0}.popin-control-btn{background:var(--bg-color);border:1px solid var(--border-color);cursor:pointer;color:var(--text-color);padding:.25rem;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;opacity:.9;transition:opacity .15s,background .15s,border-color .15s;border-radius:2px;min-width:1.5rem;min-height:1.5rem}.popin-control-btn.is-pinned{opacity:1;background:var(--text-color);color:var(--bg-color);border-color:var(--text-color)}.popin-control-btn.is-pinned:hover{background:var(--text-color)}.popin-control-btn:hover{opacity:1;background:var(--bg-color)}.popin-control-btn svg{stroke-width:2}.popin-header-title{flex:1;font-weight:600;font-size:.95rem;font-family:Linux Libertine,"Libertinus Serif",Georgia,Times New Roman,serif;margin:0;padding:0 .5rem;text-align:center;color:var(--text-color);overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.popin-header-actions{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.125rem;flex-shrink:0}.popin-external-link{color:var(--text-color);text-decoration:none;padding:.25rem;opacity:.9;transition:opacity .15s,background .15s,border-color .15s;border-radius:2px;border:1px solid var(--border-color);background:var(--bg-color);display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;min-width:1.5rem;min-height:1.5rem}.popin-external-link:hover{opacity:1;background:var(--bg-color)}.popin-external-link svg{stroke-width:2}.popin-content{flex:1;overflow-y:auto;overflow-x:hidden;padding:1.15rem 1.4rem;background:var(--bg-color);scrollbar-width:thin;scrollbar-color:var(--border-color) transparent}.popin-content::-webkit-scrollbar{width:8px}.popin-content::-webkit-scrollbar-track{background:transparent}.popin-content::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{background:var(--border-color);border-radius:4px}.popin-content::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover{background:var(--text-color);opacity:.5}.popin-loading,.popin-error{text-align:center;padding:2rem}.popin-html-content{font-family:Georgia,Times New Roman,serif;line-height:1.6;color:var(--text-color)}.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia{font-family:Linux Libertine,"Libertinus Serif",Georgia,Times New Roman,serif;font-size:1.02rem;line-height:1.62;font-weight:400}.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia>*{max-width:46rem;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.popin-html-content.is-arxiv{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.55}.popin-arxiv{max-width:46rem;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.popin-arxiv-title{font-size:1.6rem;font-weight:700;margin:0 0 .5rem;border-bottom:1px dotted var(--border-color);padding-bottom:.4rem}.popin-arxiv-meta{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.35rem .75rem;font-size:.95rem;opacity:.75;margin-bottom:.8rem}.popin-arxiv-authors{font-style:italic}.popin-arxiv-abstract{margin-bottom:1rem}.popin-arxiv-links a{text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted var(--border-color)}.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia h1{margin-top:0;font-size:1.9rem;border-bottom:1px dotted var(--border-color);padding-bottom:.45rem;font-weight:700}.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia .popin-wikipedia-badge{font-size:.7em;margin-left:.2rem;font-weight:400}.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia .popin-wikipedia-badge a{text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted var(--border-color);color:var(--text-color)}.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia h2{font-size:1.45rem;font-weight:700;margin-top:1.7rem;border-bottom:1px dotted var(--border-color);padding-bottom:.35rem;scroll-margin-top:1.2rem}.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia h3{font-size:1.2rem;font-weight:600;margin-top:1.3rem;scroll-margin-top:1.2rem}.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia .popin-toc{border:1px solid var(--border-color);background:var(--nav-bg);padding:.85rem 1rem;margin:1rem 0 1.25rem;width:100%;max-width:none;box-sizing:border-box}.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia>.popin-toc{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia .popin-toc-list,.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia .popin-toc-sublist{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia .popin-toc a{color:var(--text-color);text-decoration:none}.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia .popin-toc a:hover{text-decoration:underline dotted}.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia a{color:var(--text-color);text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration-thickness:1px}.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia a:hover{text-decoration-style:solid}.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia sup{font-size:.7em;opacity:.7}.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia sup a{text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted var(--border-color)}.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia .reflist,.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia .references{font-size:.78rem;column-gap:1rem;line-height:1.45}.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia .reflist li,.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia .references li{margin-bottom:.15rem}.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia .popin-toc-list{counter-reset:popin-toc-level}.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia .popin-toc-list>li{counter-increment:popin-toc-level;margin:.35rem 0;font-weight:600}.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia .popin-toc-list>li:before{content:counter(popin-toc-level) " ";color:#777;margin-right:.45rem;font-weight:500}.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia .popin-toc-list>li>ol{margin:.3rem 0 .5rem 1.1rem;counter-reset:popin-toc-sublevel}.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia .popin-toc-list>li>ol>li{counter-increment:popin-toc-sublevel;margin:.2rem 0;font-weight:400}.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia .popin-toc-list>li>ol>li:before{content:counter(popin-toc-level) "." counter(popin-toc-sublevel) " ";color:#777;margin-right:.4rem;font-weight:500}.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia .sidebar,.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia table.sidebar,.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia .infobox,.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia table[class*=infobox],.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia .vertical-navbox,.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia .navbox,.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia .navbox-inner,.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia table.navbox,.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia .navbar,.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia .ambox,.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia .mbox-small,.popin-html-content.is-wikipedia .metadata{display:none}.popin-html-content img{max-width:100%;height:auto;display:block}.popin-html-content a{color:var(--link-color);text-decoration:underline dotted}.popin-html-content a:hover{text-decoration-style:solid}.popin-html-content .tags{margin:.75rem 0 .5rem;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.35rem .15rem;font-style:italic;font-variant:small-caps;letter-spacing:.04em}.popin-html-content .tag{display:inline-block;padding:0;background:none;border:none;text-decoration:underline dotted;font-size:.85rem;color:var(--text-color)}.popin-html-content .tag:after{content:",";margin-right:.35rem}.popin-html-content .tag:last-child:after{content:"";margin-right:0}.popin-html-content h1,.popin-html-content h2,.popin-html-content h3{margin-top:1.5rem;margin-bottom:.75rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--text-color)}.popin-html-content h1{font-size:1.8rem;border-bottom:1px dotted var(--border-color);padding-bottom:.5rem}.popin-html-content h2{font-size:1.5rem}.popin-html-content h3{font-size:1.2rem}.popin-html-content p{margin:1rem 0}.popin-html-content table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;margin:1rem 0}.popin-html-content th,.popin-html-content td{border:1px dotted var(--border-color);padding:.5rem;text-align:left}.popin-html-content figure{margin:1rem 0;text-align:center}.popin-html-content figure img{border:1px solid var(--border-color)}.popin-html-content .sidebar{float:right;margin:0 0 1rem 1rem;width:22em;border:1px solid var(--border-color);background:var(--nav-bg);padding:.5rem}.popin-html-content sup{font-size:.8em;vertical-align:super}.popin-html-content [rel="mw:WikiLink"]{text-decoration:underline dotted}.popin-html-content .infobox,.popin-html-content .wikitable,.popin-html-content .sidebar,.popin-html-content .mw-parser-output>table,.popin-html-content table[class*=infobox],.popin-html-content table.box-More{float:none!important;clear:both;position:static!important;margin:0 0 1rem;max-width:100%;width:auto;font-size:.85rem;border:1px solid var(--border-color);background:var(--nav-bg);border-collapse:collapse}.popin-html-content .infobox caption,.popin-html-content .infobox th,.popin-html-content table[class*=infobox] caption,.popin-html-content table[class*=infobox] th{background:var(--border-color);font-weight:700;text-align:center;padding:.5rem}.popin-html-content .infobox td,.popin-html-content table[class*=infobox] td{padding:.35rem .5rem;vertical-align:top}.popin-html-content .infobox img,.popin-html-content table[class*=infobox] img{max-width:100%;height:auto}.popin-html-content .navbox,.popin-html-content .navbox-inner,.popin-html-content table[class*=navbox],.popin-html-content .catlinks,.popin-html-content #catlinks,.popin-html-content .mw-editsection,.popin-html-content .mw-headline-anchor{display:none}.popin-html-content .reflist,.popin-html-content .references{font-size:.8rem;column-count:2;column-gap:1.5rem}.popin-html-content .reflist li,.popin-html-content .references li{margin-bottom:.25rem}.popin-html-content .hatnote,.popin-html-content .dablink{font-style:italic;color:var(--text-color);opacity:.8;padding:.5rem 0;border-bottom:1px dotted var(--border-color);margin-bottom:1rem}.popin-html-content ul,.popin-html-content ol{margin:.75rem 0;padding-left:1.5rem}.popin-html-content li{margin-bottom:.35rem}.popin-html-content dl{margin:.75rem 0}.popin-html-content dt{font-weight:700}.popin-html-content dd{margin-left:1.5rem;margin-bottom:.5rem}.popin-html-content blockquote{border-left:3px solid var(--border-color);margin:1rem 0;padding:.5rem 1rem;font-style:italic;background:var(--nav-bg)}.popin-html-content .thumb,.popin-html-content figure[typeof*="mw:File"]{float:none!important;clear:both;position:static!important;margin:0 0 1rem;max-width:100%;width:auto;background:var(--nav-bg);border:1px solid var(--border-color);padding:.35rem}.popin-html-content .thumb.tleft,.popin-html-content figure.mw-halign-left{float:none!important;margin:0 0 1rem}.popin-html-content .thumbcaption,.popin-html-content figcaption{font-size:.8rem;padding:.35rem;text-align:center;color:var(--text-color);opacity:.85}.popin-html-content code,.popin-html-content pre{font-family:Consolas,Monaco,monospace;font-size:.9em;background:var(--nav-bg);padding:.1em .3em;border-radius:2px}.popin-html-content pre{padding:.75rem;overflow-x:auto;border:1px solid var(--border-color)}.popin-html-content .mw-empty-elt,.popin-html-content .noprint,.popin-html-content .mw-jump-link,.popin-html-content #toc,.popin-html-content .toc{display:none}.popin-internal-content{font-family:Linux Libertine,Georgia,serif}.popin-internal-content .section-link,.popin-internal-content .section-nav-link{display:block;font-size:.8rem;color:var(--text-color);opacity:.7;margin-bottom:.5rem;text-decoration:underline dotted}.popin-internal-content .section-heading{font-variant:small-caps;font-size:1.65rem;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:.75rem;padding-bottom:.4rem;border-bottom:1px dotted var(--border-color)}.popin-internal-content .section-body{margin-top:.5rem}.popin-internal-content .section-body section{margin-top:1.5rem;padding-top:1.1rem;border-top:1px dotted var(--border-color)}.popin-internal-content .section-body h2{font-variant:small-caps;font-size:1.35rem;margin:0 0 .75rem}.popin-internal-content .section-body ul{margin:0;padding-left:1.25rem}.popin-internal-content .section-body li{margin:.35rem 0}.popin-internal-content .section-body li a{color:var(--text-color);text-decoration:underline dotted}.popin-internal-content[data-section=backlinks] .section-body>ul{list-style:none;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0}.popin-internal-content[data-section=backlinks] .section-body>ul li{margin:.5rem 0}.popin-internal-content[data-section=backlinks] .section-body>ul li a{font-variant:small-caps;font-size:1.3rem;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted var(--border-color)}.essay-backlinks,.essay-similar,.essay-bibliography{margin-top:2rem}.essay-backlinks .backlink-groups{display:grid;gap:1rem}.essay-backlinks .backlink-group{border:1px dotted var(--border-color);padding:.6rem .8rem;background:var(--nav-bg)}.essay-backlinks .backlink-group summary{cursor:pointer;font-variant:small-caps;font-weight:600;list-style:none}.essay-backlinks .backlink-group summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.essay-backlinks .backlink-group>summary:before{content:">";display:inline-block;margin-right:.35rem;transform:translateY(-1px)}.essay-backlinks .backlink-group[open]>summary:before{content:"v"}.essay-backlinks .backlink-group ul{list-style:none;margin:.6rem 0 0;padding-left:0}.essay-backlinks .backlink-entry{margin:.75rem 0}.essay-backlinks .backlink-entry-header{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.5rem;align-items:baseline}.essay-backlinks .backlink-source-link{font-weight:600;text-decoration:underline dotted;color:var(--text-color)}.essay-backlinks .backlink-source-section{font-size:.8rem;opacity:.7}.essay-backlinks .backlink-context-link,.essay-backlinks .backlink-full-link{font-size:.8rem;text-decoration:underline dotted;opacity:.8;color:var(--text-color)}.essay-backlinks .backlink-context{margin:.35rem 0 0;font-size:.95rem;font-style:italic;opacity:.8}.essay-bibliography .bibliography-groups{display:grid;gap:1rem}.essay-bibliography .bibliography-group{border:1px dotted var(--border-color);padding:.6rem .8rem;background:var(--nav-bg)}.essay-bibliography .bibliography-group summary{cursor:pointer;font-variant:small-caps;font-weight:600;list-style:none}.essay-bibliography .bibliography-group summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.essay-bibliography .bibliography-group>summary:before{content:">";display:inline-block;margin-right:.35rem;transform:translateY(-1px)}.essay-bibliography .bibliography-group[open]>summary:before{content:"v"}.essay-bibliography .bibliography-group ul{list-style:none;margin:.6rem 0 0;padding-left:0}.essay-bibliography .bibliography-entry{margin:.65rem 0;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.4rem;align-items:baseline}.essay-bibliography .bibliography-entry a{font-weight:600;text-decoration:underline dotted;color:var(--text-color)}.essay-bibliography .bibliography-domain,.essay-bibliography .bibliography-count{font-size:.8rem;opacity:.7}.popin-wikipedia-backlinks{margin-top:1.5rem;border-top:1px dotted var(--border-color);padding-top:1rem}.popin-wikipedia-backlinks h2{font-variant:small-caps;font-size:1.1rem;margin-bottom:.6rem}.popin-wikipedia-backlinks .wiki-backlink-list{list-style:none;padding-left:0;margin:0}.popin-wikipedia-backlinks .wiki-backlink-entry{margin:.7rem 0}.popin-wikipedia-backlinks .wiki-backlink-header{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.5rem;align-items:baseline}.popin-wikipedia-backlinks .wiki-backlink-header a{font-weight:600;text-decoration:underline dotted;color:var(--text-color)}.popin-wikipedia-backlinks .wiki-backlink-section,.popin-wikipedia-backlinks .wiki-backlink-count{font-size:.8rem;opacity:.7}.popin-wikipedia-backlinks .wiki-backlink-context{margin:.3rem 0 0;font-size:.95rem;font-style:italic;opacity:.8}.marginnote{float:right;clear:right;width:16rem;margin:.2rem 0 .8rem 1rem;font-size:.82rem;line-height:1.4;color:#555;font-style:italic}@media(max-width:1024px){.marginnote{float:none;display:block;width:auto;margin:.75rem 0}}main{max-width:980px;margin:0 auto;padding:1.5rem 2rem 2.5rem}article{max-width:100%;margin:0}h1{font-size:2.5rem;margin-bottom:1rem;font-weight:700}h1 a{text-decoration:none;color:var(--text-color)}h1 a:hover{text-decoration:underline dotted}.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps;letter-spacing:.05em}.intro{margin:2rem 0}.intro p{margin:1rem 0}.level1{margin:3rem 0}.level1 h1{font-size:1.8rem;margin-bottom:1rem;border-bottom:1px dotted var(--border-color);padding-bottom:.5rem}.level1 ul{list-style:none;padding:0}.level1 li{margin:.5rem 0}.level1 li p{margin:0}.columns{column-count:2;column-gap:2rem}@media(max-width:768px){.columns{column-count:1}}@media(max-width:700px){.top-nav{justify-content:space-between;padding:.75rem 1rem;gap:.5rem}.logo{position:static;transform:none}.nav-links{flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:flex-end;letter-spacing:.12em}}.toc-nav{margin:3rem 0}.toc-nav h2{font-size:1.5rem;margin-bottom:1rem;border-bottom:1px dotted var(--border-color);padding-bottom:.5rem}.toc-nav ul{list-style:none;padding:0;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(200px,1fr));gap:.5rem}.toc-nav li{margin:0}.icon-new{display:inline-block;font-size:.9em}.dark-mode-selector-inline,.reader-mode-selector-inline,.extracts-mode-selector-inline,.search-mode-selector-inline,.toolbar-mode-selector-inline,.help-mode-selector-inline{font-size:.9em;opacity:.8}h2{font-size:2rem;margin-top:2rem;margin-bottom:1rem}h3{font-size:1.5rem;margin-top:1.5rem;margin-bottom:.75rem}footer{text-align:center;padding:2rem;border-top:1px dotted var(--border-color);margin-top:4rem}footer a{text-decoration:underline dotted}